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| Tools for Improving Governance |
| Risk Analysis |
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| Risk Analysis |
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As noted in Section 5 Risk analysis, most national governments (i.e. those countries that are members of the World Trade Organization) are required to use risk analysis as a means to justify any restrictions on international trade in live aquatic animals or their products based on risk to human, animal or plant health,
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“Diagnosis” is “...the determination of the nature of a disease” (OIE 2007), and an accurate diagnosis is often essential for preventing disease losses in aquaculture. Reliable, standardized diagnostics testing supports many key aquatic animal health activities
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| Surveillance and Reporting |
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| Surveillance and Reporting |
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The OIE’s Aquatic Animal Health Code (OIE 2007, available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fcode/A_summry.htm?e1d11) ) defines “surveillance” as “...a systematic series of investigations of a given population of aquatic animals to detect the occurrence of disease for control purposes, and which may involve testing of samples of a population”
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“Quarantine” is defined by the OIE (2007) as “...maintaining a group of aquatic animals in isolation with no direct or indirect contact with other aquatic animals, in order to undergo observation for a specified length of time and, if appropriate, testing and treatment, including proper treatment of the effluent waters.”
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Contingency plans are part of a country’s “emergency preparedness” for outbreaks of serious aquatic animals disease and thus may represent a government’s last opportunity to prevent the spread and establishment of a serious pathogen and the associated economic and social losses that may result.
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| Responsible Movement |
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| Responsible Movement |
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International and regional governance in the form of codes and guidelines for the responsible movement of live aquatic animals has been drafted by various international bodies since the early 1970s. Foremost among these are the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea’s ICES Code of Practice for the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms 2005
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| BMPs, GAPs, SOPs |
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| BMPs, GAPs, SOPs |
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Better Management Practices (BMPs), Good Aquaculture Practices (GAPs or GAqPs) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are sets of protocols and procedures that promote responsible and efficient aquaculture development and the safe, responsible and profitable operation of individual aquaculture facilities.
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National and international disease reporting systems, in association with disease surveillance programmes and international and national pathogen lists, support good governance by providing evidence of national aquatic animal health status that can be used by trading partners to support risk analysis and decisions on trade in aquatic commodities.
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